Interleukins and exercise

Interleukins adapt to parasites

TLR choreography Pathogen-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) must be deployed accurately. Here, Fukui et al. show how finely tuned these receptors are. Tweaking a single amino acid in a TLR-trafficking molecule determined whether the signal was green or red for nucleic acid–sensing TLRs (page 1339). TLR7 and TLR9 recognize viral nucleic acids—RNA and DNA, respectively—in endolysosomes. By seque...

Neuroimmunology of the Interleukins 13 and 4

The cytokines interleukin 13 and 4 share a common heterodimeric receptor and are important modulators of peripheral allergic reactions. Produced primarily by T-helper type 2 lymphocytes, they are typically considered as anti-inflammatory cytokines because they can downregulate the synthesis of T-helper type 1 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Their presence and role in the brain is only beginning to ...

CHEMOKINES, CYTOKINES, AND INTERLEUKINS Stat1 and SUMOmodification

Manyproteins are known to undergo small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification by an E1-, E2-, and E3-dependent ligation process. Recognition that protein inhibitor of activated signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) (PIAS) proteins are SUMO E3 ligases raised the possibility that STATsmay also be regulated by SUMOmodification. Consistent with this possibility, a SUMO...

Interleukins and neurohormones: a common language.

Hemodialysis membranes: interleukins, biocompatibility, and middle molecules.

Maintenance hemodialysis patients display evidence of elevated interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha release after stimulation either by contaminated dialysate, bioincompatible membrane material, or both. This release is followed by the stimulated secretion of a large number of other interleukins, particularly IL-6, the cytokine principally responsible for acute-phase protein syn...